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At Nc6.tech, we have been transforming businesses since 2019 with our cutting-edge IT software and consulting services.
Our goal is simple: to empower your business with technology-driven solutions that drive growth and innovation. Whether you\'re an IT company looking for specialized support or a business owner seeking to harness the power of technology, you\'ve come to the right place.

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From idea to implementation, we craft tailored software solutions that align with your unique business needs. Our expert developers use the latest technologies to create intuitive and efficient software that boosts your operational excellence.

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Unlock the true potential of your IT infrastructure with our strategic consulting services. We analyze, plan, and execute strategies that optimize your technology stack, enhance security, and streamline processes

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How a VPN Works: A Technical and Practical Guide

Why Do We Need a VPN?

When you browse the internet, your device connects directly to websites. Without protection:

  • Your Internet Service Provider (ISP) can see the websites you visit.
  • Hackers on public Wi-Fi can intercept your data.
  • Websites can track your real IP address, revealing your location.

A VPN solves these issues by creating a secure and private connection.


What Is a VPN and What Does It Do?

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a service that encrypts your internet connection and routes it through a remote server, hiding your IP address and protecting your data.

What Happens When You Use a VPN?

Without a VPN:
📍 Your real IP is visible → Websites know your location.
🔓 Your traffic is readable → Your ISP or hackers can intercept your data.

With a VPN:
🔒 Your traffic is encrypted → No one can read it.
🌍 Your IP is hidden → Websites see the VPN server’s IP, not yours.
🚀 You can bypass restrictions → You appear as if browsing from another country.

🔎 Try this experiment:
1️⃣ Search “What is my IP” on Google.
2️⃣ Turn on a VPN and refresh the page.
3️⃣ Notice the IP address change!


How Does a VPN Work Technically?

Let’s break down what happens when you connect to a VPN.

The VPN Tunnel

When you activate a VPN:

  1. Your device establishes a secure connection with the VPN server.
  2. The connection is encrypted using security protocols.
  3. All data you send and receive passes through the VPN tunnel.
  4. The website sees the VPN server’s IP, not your real IP.

📌 Analogy:
Imagine writing a letter, but instead of sending it directly, you put it in a sealed envelope and send it to a trusted intermediary, who then forwards it.

The recipient gets the letter without knowing who really wrote it (because they only see the “intermediary” sender – the VPN server).


VPN Protocols: How Encryption Works

A VPN protects data using encryption protocols to secure the connection.

4.1 Common VPN Protocols

🛡 OpenVPN – Secure, open-source, widely used.
🚀 WireGuard – Faster and more modern than OpenVPN.
📱 IKEv2/IPSec – Great for mobile devices, stable on network changes.

💡 Practical exercise: If you use a VPN, check the settings to see which protocol it uses!


How Does a VPN Encrypt Data?

Once the VPN tunnel is active, all your data is encrypted, meaning it’s converted into an unreadable format unless decrypted with the right key.

🔑 Encryption methods used by VPNs:

  • AES-256 – Used by governments and banks for top security.
  • ChaCha20 – A faster alternative used in WireGuard.

⚠️ Without a VPN: A hacker on public Wi-Fi could read your data.
With a VPN: Even if someone intercepts your traffic, they’ll see unreadable, encrypted data.


How Data Travels Through a VPN

1️⃣ Without a VPN

  • Your PC connects directly to a website.
  • The website sees your real IP.
  • Your ISP can track your activity.

2️⃣ With a VPN

  • Your PC connects first to the VPN server.
  • The VPN server encrypts the data and forwards it to the website.
  • The website sees the VPN’s IP, not yours.

📌 Analogy:
Imagine calling a friend, but instead of using your real phone number, you route the call through a middleman who relays the message. The recipient never knows your real identity.


VPN Limitations and Downsides

While VPNs are useful, they are not a perfect solution.

⚠️ VPN Limitations
Slower connection speeds – Your data must travel through an extra server.
🚫 Some sites block VPNs – Netflix and banking sites may detect and restrict VPN access.
🔍 Not 100% anonymous – The VPN provider can still see your traffic unless they have a “no-log” policy.

💡 Solution: Choose a reliable VPN provider with a strict no-logs policy and select nearby servers to reduce latency.

📝 Knowledge Check: Test Your Understanding

1️⃣ What is the main purpose of a VPN, and how does it protect your internet connection?
a) It speeds up your internet connection.
b) It hides your IP address and encrypts your traffic.
c) It blocks all ads and pop-ups.
d) It prevents websites from collecting cookies.

2️⃣ How does a VPN tunnel work, and what happens to your IP address when you use a VPN?
a) Your real IP address is replaced with the VPN server’s IP.
b) Your real IP address is still visible to websites.
c) Your device connects directly to the internet without encryption.
d) The VPN tunnel allows websites to track you more easily.

3️⃣ Which encryption protocols do VPNs use, and why is encryption important?
a) OpenVPN, WireGuard, and IKEv2/IPSec, because they secure data in transit.
b) VPNs do not use encryption; they only change your IP address.
c) VPNs use basic passwords to encrypt data.
d) Encryption is unnecessary because the internet is already secure.

4️⃣ What are some common limitations of VPNs, and in which cases might a VPN not be useful?
a) VPNs can slow down connection speeds.
b) VPNs make you completely anonymous online.
c) VPNs are always free and have no security risks.
d) VPNs work perfectly on all streaming platforms without restrictions.

5️⃣ If you activate a VPN and visit a website, what does the website see—your real IP address or the VPN server’s IP? Why?
a) The website sees your real IP because VPNs don’t hide it.
b) The website sees the VPN server’s IP, because your traffic is routed through the VPN server.
c) The website sees a combination of both your real and VPN IPs.
d) The website is blocked because VPNs prevent access to all websites.

1-b , 2 – a, 3 – a, 4 – a, 5, b

Zero-Day Exploits: What They Are and Why You Should Care

In cybersecurity, zero-day exploits are one of the most dangerous threats. If you work in IT or are starting to explore this world, it’s important to know what they are and how they can affect you.

What Is a Zero-Day Exploit?

A zero-day exploit is a security weakness in software or a system that even the developers don’t know about.
The term “zero-day” means there’s zero time to fix it before attackers can use it. In simple words, hackers discover and take advantage of this flaw before anyone can fix it.

A Market for Zero-Day Vulnerabilities

You might not expect it, but there’s a market for selling zero-day vulnerabilities.

On the legal side, companies like Google, Microsoft, and Facebook offer bug bounty programs. These programs reward people who find and report security issues.

For example, Google’s Vulnerability Reward Program pays anyone who reports a security bug in their services, like Chrome or Android. This helps Google improve security and gives ethical hackers recognition and rewards.

On the dark web instead, hackers sell these exploits to cybercriminals or groups for money.

Famous Zero-Day Exploits

Here are some real-world examples:

  • Stuxnet (2010): A malware that attacked industrial systems, causing serious damage (USA + Israel vs Iran Nuclear program).
  • Heartbleed (2014): A security flaw that exposed millions of sensitive data records (using a breach in the SSL protocol).
  • Pegasus (2021): Spyware used to track journalists and activists through their phones (it’s a mix of different exploit for mobile OSs, probably still used …) .

Why Are They So Dangerous?

  • They can’t be stopped immediately: There’s no update available until the flaw is found and fixed.
  • Huge impact: They can affect entire companies and millions of users.

How to (try to) Protect Yourself

Here are some tips to reduce the risk and the damage:

  • Keep everything updated: Software updates often include important security fixes.
  • Use modern security tools: Firewalls, antivirus software, and intrusion detection systems help a lot.
  • Backup your data regularly: If something goes wrong, you won’t lose everything.
  • Stay informed: Learn about new threats and teach your team to recognize suspicious behavior.
The Heart of Scrum: People

Projects are done by people, for people. The agile philosophy emphasizes close collaboration between two key groups:

  • The project team, who builds the product.
  • The project clients, who benefit from it.

One of the most crucial roles in this collaboration is the Product Owner.

The Product Owner: A Central Role in Scrum

The Product Owner holds the responsibility for managing the product backlog and making all key decisions related to it. This role is critical for the success of the project.

What does the Product Owner do?

  1. Defines and Validates Requirements:
    • Gathers and documents user stories and epics.
    • Ensures the backlog reflects all necessary functionalities and priorities.
  2. Prioritizes the Product Backlog:
    • Decides which user stories should be built first and which can wait.
    • Adjusts priorities as the project evolves, ensuring the most valuable tasks come first.
  3. Reviews and Validates Outputs:
    • At the end of each sprint, the Product Owner checks the deliverables to ensure they meet the agreed requirements.
    • Provides constructive feedback if something doesn’t meet the expected standards.
  4. Approves the Final Product:
    • At the end of the project, the Product Owner gives the final approval, ensuring the product is ready for release.

Who Can Be a Product Owner?

Usually, the Product Owner represents the organization for which the product is being created—essentially, the project client. This person needs a strategic vision and domain expertise.

Common roles that might act as Product Owner include:

  • Head of Sales
  • Head of Marketing
  • Head of IT, etc.

The Product Owner needs to be hands-on throughout the entire project, working closely with the team, reviewing progress, and adapting to changes when necessary.

The Power to Adapt

In Agile, requirements can change. The Product Owner plays a key role in approving changes and adjusting priorities between sprints. If a high-value user story emerges, it’s the Product Owner’s job to bring it forward, ensuring the project remains focused on delivering value.